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Hybrid SMF–FSO–VLC long-reach wheel basics PON achieving 2 Tbps via integrated OFDM–OCDMA methodology

VIVEK ARYA1,* , SHIPRA SHUKLA2, TAPSI NAGPAL3, RIYAZ BASHA MANDIYAM4, SAMANA VINAYA KUMAR5, SUBODH BANSAL6

Affiliation

  1. Phonics University, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
  2. School of Computing Science, CSE Galgotias University, Greater Noida, U.P., India
  3. IT Department, New Delhi Institute of Management, New Delhi, India
  4. King Saud University - (Common First year), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  5. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Aditya University, Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh, India
  6. Department of ECE, UIE Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India

Abstract

This work introduces an integrated single-mode fiber, free space and visible light communication links in next-generation passive optical network (PON) enabled orthogonal frequency division multiplexing as well as optical code division multiplexing. The results reveal reliable fiber, FSO and VLC range of 100 km, 2800 m and 20 m, respectively, at an aggregate data rate of 2Tbpsunder critical climate and turbulence. Also, it offers acceptable power penalties of 1-2 dB with maximum power budgets of -26 dBm and -39 dBm receiver sensitivity with 12 dB insertion loss. The comparative literature underscores its advantage over other designs in terms of code implementation and overall design.

Keywords

2D-MFRS, POLAN, PON, VLC, FSO.

Citation

VIVEK ARYA, SHIPRA SHUKLA, TAPSI NAGPAL, RIYAZ BASHA MANDIYAM, SAMANA VINAYA KUMAR, SUBODH BANSAL, Hybrid SMF–FSO–VLC long-reach wheel basics PON achieving 2 Tbps via integrated OFDM–OCDMA methodology, Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 20, 3-4, March-April 2026, pp.130-140 (2026).

Submitted at: Aug. 18, 2025

Accepted at: April 8, 2026