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Silica gel Cr(tta)₃ as a passive mode-locker in Thulium–Holmium doped fibre laser

H. AHMAD1,2,3, M. W. K. M. F. YASMIN1, M. F. ISMAIL1, S. SAGADEVAN4, M. Z. H. MAZYAN5, K. THAMBIRATNAM6, M. Z. SAMION1,*

Affiliation

  1. Photonics Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  2. Adjunct Professor, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jalan Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
  3. Universiti Kuala Lumpur British Malaysian Institute (UniKL, BMI), Batu 8, Jalan Sungai Pusu, 53100, Selangor, Malaysia
  4. Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  5. Ceramic and Amorphous Group (CerAm), Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600 Panchor, Johor, Malaysia
  6. Physics Department, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Makhota, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia

Abstract

This study demonstrates the first application of a silica-gel chromium(III) thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (SG-Cr(tta)₃) composite as a passive mode-locker in a 2 μm Thulium-Holmium co-doped fibre laser (THDFL). The composite was deposited onto an arc-shaped fibre platform to form a saturable absorber (SA). Stable, self-starting mode-locking began at a 291.1 mW pump threshold, generating 1.19 ps pulses at 13.53 MHz with a central wavelength of 1907.87 nm. A radio frequency (RF) signal-to-noise ratio of 45.3 dB confirms stable mode-locked operation. These results highlight the composite's excellent nonlinear performance as a cost-effective SA for ultrafast photonics in the important 2 μm spectral region.

Keywords

SG-Cr(tta)3, Thulium holmium co doped fibre laser, Mode locking.

Citation

H. AHMAD, M. W. K. M. F. YASMIN, M. F. ISMAIL, S. SAGADEVAN, M. Z. H. MAZYAN, K. THAMBIRATNAM, M. Z. SAMION, Silica gel Cr(tta)₃ as a passive mode-locker in Thulium–Holmium doped fibre laser, Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 20, 9-10, September-October 2026, pp.389-398 (2026).

Submitted at: April 7, 2026

Accepted at: Oct. 5, 2026